E-bike classes 1, 2 and 3 explained
Most U.S. states sort electric bikes into three classes. The class decides top assisted speed, whether a throttle is allowed, and often which paths you can use.
The three classes
- Class 1: pedal-assist only, motor help stops at 20 mph.
- Class 2: pedal-assist plus a throttle, motor help stops at 20 mph.
- Class 3: pedal-assist only, motor help up to 28 mph, usually with a speedometer.
Motors in all three classes are generally limited to 750 W. Class 1 and 2 bikes are commonly allowed on bike paths; Class 3 is often limited to roads and bike lanes. Rules vary by state and city, and mountain-bike trails set their own policies, so check locally.
E-bikes vs e-motos
Machines with more power or higher speeds than Class 3 are not e-bikes under these rules. They may need registration, insurance and a license, or may be for off-road use only.
Hub or mid-drive motor
Hub motors sit in the wheel. They are simple, reliable and affordable, and suit commuting on flat or rolling roads. Mid-drive motors sit at the pedals and drive through the bike's gears, which gives a more natural feel and better climbing on steep hills.
Battery and range
Battery capacity is measured in watt-hours (Wh). A 500–750 Wh battery commonly gives 30–60 miles, depending on assist level, rider weight, hills, wind and tire pressure. Batteries last several hundred to about a thousand full cycles; store them partly charged and away from extreme heat or cold.
Safety features
At e-bike speeds, hydraulic disc brakes make a real difference. Wide or fat tires add grip and comfort. Always wear a helmet, and use lights front and rear.